Plagiarism Policy

Shareholding is committed to maintaining high standards of academic integrity and does not tolerate plagiarism, duplicate publication, fabrication, falsification, or other forms of research and publication misconduct. All manuscripts submitted to the journal are expected to be original works and to properly acknowledge the ideas, words, data, findings, and other contributions of previous authors.

Submitted manuscripts may be screened for plagiarism and substantial textual similarity using appropriate plagiarism-detection and editorial assessment procedures. Similarity reports may be reviewed by the editorial team to distinguish legitimate overlap, such as commonly used terminology, properly cited quotations, references, methodological descriptions, or standard academic expressions, from inappropriate or unattributed reproduction of another person's work.

Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to, copying text, ideas, arguments, data, figures, tables, or other intellectual contributions without appropriate acknowledgment; presenting another person's work as one's own; substantial paraphrasing without proper citation; and reproducing previously published material without appropriate disclosure. Self-plagiarism or redundant publication, including substantial reuse of an author's own previously published material without appropriate acknowledgment, may also be considered a publication ethics concern.

Authors are responsible for ensuring that all sources used in their manuscripts are appropriately cited and that quotations and reproduced materials are clearly identified. Where material belonging to another source is used, authors should provide accurate attribution and, where necessary, obtain appropriate permission or authorization.

If substantial plagiarism or other serious ethical concerns are identified before publication, the manuscript may be rejected and the authors may be asked to provide an explanation. Depending on the circumstances, the editorial team may investigate the matter further and take appropriate action in accordance with recognized principles of publication ethics.

If plagiarism or significant unattributed overlap is discovered after publication, the journal may take corrective measures appropriate to the circumstances. These measures may include publication of a correction or clarification, notification of relevant parties, withdrawal of the article, or retraction of the published work where warranted. The journal may also restrict future submissions from authors involved in serious or repeated cases of publication misconduct.

Authors are expected to cooperate fully with any editorial investigation concerning suspected plagiarism or other forms of academic misconduct. Providing false information, attempting to manipulate plagiarism checks, or deliberately concealing previously published material may constitute an additional ethical violation.

The journal recognizes that legitimate textual similarity does not automatically constitute plagiarism. Editorial decisions are therefore based on the nature, extent, context, attribution, and significance of the identified similarity rather than on a similarity percentage alone. The final determination regarding suspected plagiarism rests with the editorial team after appropriate assessment of the available evidence.

By submitting a manuscript to Shareholding, authors confirm that their work has been prepared with appropriate academic integrity and that all sources and contributions have been properly acknowledged.